U+03D9 "ϙ" Greek Small Letter Archaic Koppa Unicode Character

U+03D9 "ϙ" Greek Small Letter Archaic Koppa is a typographic representation of an ancient Greek letter that originally denoted the sound /k/ before being repurposed in later Greek alphabets as the numeric symbol for 90. This glyph appears in historical inscriptions and manuscripts from the Archaic period, particularly in the Western Greek alphabets like those of the Etruscan and early Latin writing systems, where it functioned as a distinct consonant. In modern digital contexts, it is included in Unicode to support scholarly transcription and the precise rendering of ancient texts, distinguishing it from the visually similar Latin letter Q or the modern Greek letter π.

General Properties

Code Point	U+03D9
Version Added	3.2
Name	Greek Small Letter Archaic Koppa
Block	Greek and Coptic
General Category	Lowercase Letter
Canonical Combining Class	Not Reordered
Bidirectional Class	Left To Right

Encodings

HTML Decimal Encoding	ϙ
HTML Hex Encoding	ϙ
UTF-8 Encoding	0xCF 0x99
UTF-16 Encoding	0x03D9
UTF-32 Encoding	0x000003D9
C/C++/Java Escape	\u03d9

Unicode Properties

NFC Quick Check	Yes
NFD Quick Check	Yes
NFKC Quick Check	Yes
NFKD Quick Check	Yes
Numeric Type	None
Numeric Value	NaN
Line Break	Alphabetic
Lowercase	Yes
Simple Uppercase Code Point	"Ϙ" U+03D8 Greek Letter Archaic Koppa
Simple Titlecase Code Point	"Ϙ" U+03D8 Greek Letter Archaic Koppa
Uppercase Code Point	"Ϙ" U+03D8 Greek Letter Archaic Koppa
Titlecase Code Point	"Ϙ" U+03D8 Greek Letter Archaic Koppa
Cased	Yes
Changes When Casemapped	Yes
Changes When Titlecased	Yes
Changes When Uppercased	Yes
Script	Greek
Script Extensions	Greek
Indic Syllabic Category	Other
ID Start	Yes
XID Start	Yes
ID Continue	Yes
XID Continue	Yes
Alphabetic	Yes
Vertical Orientation	Rotated
Grapheme Base	Yes
Grapheme Cluster Break	Other
Word Break	Alphabetic letter
Sentence Break	Lower